The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay

The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay Voyaging sales rep issue is one of the difficult issues in the reality and furthermore most all around contemplated combinatorial enhancement issue. Numerous Researches from various fields like operational exploration, calculations structure and including man-made consciousness draw in by it. This issue has been concentrated by various explores and thought of various arrangements and this issue has been unraveled by utilizing various calculations like Blind pursuit, Branch and Bound Search , Heuristic calculation and Genetic calculations and so on the issue was planned as a scientific issue in 1930 and later it is utilized as seat mark for some ideal arrangement. 1.1 TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM: A Traveling sales rep has an assignment of visiting N number of urban communities. He will begin from a home area and need to visit every city only a single time and return back to the first area from where he begins. Voyaging sales rep course will be plan so that in a given N number of urban communities cost of making a trip from one city to whatever other city what is the base full circle course that visit every city once and afterward come back to the beginning spot. The objective is to locate the most limited visit that visit every city in a given urban communities precisely ones and afterward come back to the beginning city. The main answer for the venturing out sales rep issue is to figure and think about the length of all conceivable arranged mixes. 1.2 History of voyaging sales rep issue: The voyaging sales rep issue was treated by an Irish mathematician sir William Rowan Hamilton and British mathematician Thomas Penyngton kirkman in the mid 1800s. Hamilton and kirkman deal with game called Hamilton Icosian game that expects player to finish visits through 20 focuses utilizing just the predefined associations. The general type of the voyaging sales rep issue concentrated by mathematician Karl menger during 1930s. He characterizes the issue utilizing animal power calculations and watched closest neighbor heuristic non optimality. Not long after the name voyaging sales rep issue presented by hassler Whitney at princeton college. During the 1940s the Traveling sales rep issue was concentrated by analysts Mahalanobiss, Jessen, Gosh, Marks. Among them P.C .Mahalanobiss took an example review of real esatate under jute in Bengal examined parts of voyaging sales rep arrangements through arbitrarily picked areas in the Euclidean plane. What's more, this work is manage overview of structure lands one of the significant expense to completing the study was the vehicle particle of men gear from one review point to straightaway. During the period somewhere in the range of 1950s and 1960 the issue turns out to be progressively famous in logical gathering in Europe and USA. various arrangements planned b y George B.Dantzing, Fulkerson and Johnson(1954) . in 1954 Heller distributed a 88 report which contains numerous fundamental arrangements on the voyaging sales rep polytype. In 1957 L.L.Barachet distributed realistic arrangement of voyaging sales rep issue which depicts an identification conspire for processing close to ideal visits. In 1964 R.L Karg and G.L. Thompson were applied heuristic calculation for a 57 city issue. During the period R.M Karp and M.Held distributed an article about the voyaging sales rep and least spreading over tree which presented one tree unwinding of the voyaging sales rep issue and utilizing hub loads to improve the bound given by ideal tree. In 1990s Bixby and Cook built up the program for voyaging sales rep issue which are utilizing as of late. 2.0 GRAPH: 2.1 Traveling sales rep issue demonstrated as diagram: Voyaging sales rep issue can be demonstrated as Graph where as the urban communities are the chart vertices, way is diagram edges and way separation is edge separation. We will likely locate the most limited visit that visits every city in a given diagram precisely ones and afterward come back to the beginning city. 3.0 Search Algorithms: To take care of voyaging sales rep issue we can utilize various kinds of calculations like visually impaired pursuit, heuristic calculations, uniform cost search and so on 3.1 Blind pursuit: Dazzle search calculations are such calculations which doesn't contain space information on the issue and it search aimlessly, consequently it is called daze search calculation. The main thing a visually impaired pursuit can do is it portrays a non objective state from objective state. Accept that you are at city An and you need to reach at city D, in the event that we draw a hunt tree level 1: city E, city B, city C. a visually impaired pursuit will have no clue about which hub ought to investigate first, subsequently it investigate every single hub aimlessly. In dazzle search we may not get data we can utilize. We simply be searching for an answer and we won㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t no until we discovered it. The visually impaired pursuit is additionally called as un educated hunt. Daze search is isolated into two inquiries Algorithm they are 1) Breadth first inquiry and 2) Depth first inquiry 3.2 Breadth first inquiry: Expansiveness first inquiry is a hunt which begins at one hub and it extends the all the neighbor hub then in the wake of finishing those hubs, it grows remaining hubs unexpanded it process is proceeds up to arriving at an objective. The strategy followed by expansiveness first hunt is FIFO first in first out) line, the distinction between broadness first and profundity first inquiry is, the profundity first uses stack for example LIFO (toward the end in first out). In this rationale the things which are added is equivalent to the thing which are erased. This procedure proceeds up to arrive at an objective. 3.3 Depth first hunt: Profundity first quest is a general procedure for crossing a diagram. The procedure which arrange the plan for the day was stack that is toward the end in first out (LIFO). Profundity first inquiry start at one hub and it investigate quite far along each branch until a necessary objective hub is found. At that point it takes backtracking and come back to the following hub which it hasn㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t got done with investigating and it keep on rehash a similar strategy until it compasses to its objective. On the off chance that Depth first inquiry goes down an endless branch and in the event that it doesn't discover an objective state or on the off chance that it doesn't discover the arrangement might be a superior arrangement at a more significant level in tree. In this manner profundity first inquiry is neither finished nor ideal. Calculation: Info : An associated diagram G ,a beginning vertex 1 Yield: An arranged spannig tree T of diagram G with root vertex 1 Instate tree as vertex 1 Instate S as the arrangement of legitimate edges occurrence on vertex 1 While s not equivalent to invalid Let e = dfs next edge(G,S). Leave w alone the non tree end purpose of edge e. Include edge e and vertex w to tree T. Update Frontier(G,S). Return Tree T. 4.0 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLY TO GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 1: For the above tree outline we are utilizing Depth first inquiry, from the chart the sales rep begins at hub an and visits every hub and come back to unique hub Step1: from hub 1 there is a three different ways to travel for example hub 2, node3 and node5 in level 2 Step2: by following profundity first pursuit condition LIFO it grows hub 2 until the objective reach So for hub 2 there is a two different ways to travel for example node5 and node4 there is just a single route for sales rep to arrive at hub 3 so this isn't insignificant way to travel. Subsequent to extending first branch sales rep arrives at hub 3 from hub 3 sales rep comes to node4 With way length of 8 and from hub 4 he comes to node2 with way length of 5 and from hub 2 sales rep comes to node5 with way length of 6 then length of entire sub tree is 27. Subsequent to extending of second branch sales rep grows hub 5, from hub 5 sales rep ventures hub 2 with way length of 6 then from node2 sales rep arrives at hub 4 with way length of 5 From hub 4 sales rep arrives at hub 3 way length of 8.then length of entire sub tree is 26 Here we follow the condition that sales rep won't visit those not which have just visited. the left vertices in the diagram are picked before right, from above to roots the base spreading over tree way is 1-5-2-4-3 =26.this is the best least root for sales rep to visit every city began at city1. 4.1 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLYING TO THE GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 2: For the above tree graph we are applying profundity first hunt on which sales rep beginning at hub 2. From beginning city we have three different ways to travel for example hub 1, node4 and node5. From hub 1 sales rep has again to two different ways to travel for example node3 and node5.from hub 3 it arrives at hub 4. be that as it may, here on the off chance that we need to visit node5 we need to backtrack again it won't fulfill the condition visiting a city once so we didn㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t arrive at objective here sales rep grows neighbor hub 4, from hub 4 sales rep arrives at hub 3 with way length of 8, at that point sales rep handled to hub 1with way length of 8, at that point sales rep visits hub 5 from hub 1 with way length of 7. The length of entire sub tree is 2-4-3-1-5=28. In the wake of extending node4 venture out sales rep moves to hub 5, from hub 5 he comes to node1 way length of 7,from hub 1 sales rep arrives at hub 3 the way length of 8 and he continues to hub 4 from hub 3 with way length of 8,then entire length of sub tree is 2-5-1-3-4=29. Here sales rep follow the condition that meeting every city, at that point the best least cost course beginning at hub 2 will be 2-4-3-1-5=28. 5.0 INFORMED SEARCH: Educated hunt is a gauge accessibility of the separation (cost) from every node(city) to the objective. This estimation will assist you with heading into the right bearing. The blueprint of educate search are heuristic hunt, best first inquiry, voracious pursuit and A* search 5.1 Heuristic inquiry: Heuristic uses space explicit information to evaluate the quality or capability of fractional arrangement .A heuristic inquiry that locate a decent arrangement in less time contrasting with dazzle search however not generally discover best arrangement. This quest is a lot of valuable for taking care of huge issue which may not illuminated by utilizing other pursuit and this hunt produce a potential arrangement which can be either course from the underlying area or objective in the issue. For voyaging sales rep issue the closest neighbor heuristic function admirably, however some time because of the course of action of refers to it won't fi

19th and 20th Century Gender Expectations in Literature Essay Example for Free

nineteenth and twentieth Century Gender Expectations in Literature Essay The late nineteenth century delivered a horde of fruitful writers, artists and play-composes that regularly fused the nearby traditions, conventions and desires for the time (and maybe their own encounters) into their work. A reality of the occasions, even into mid twentieth century, is that ladies were not equivalent to men and the desires for ladies were not equivalent too. This point will be delineated by similar examination of two separate types of writing: Tristan Bernard’s hilarious play I’m Going! A Comedy in One Act, and Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour. † Authors can utilize plays, stories or sonnets to bring us into their reality, and through creative mind we can interface with them, if just quickly, and make the most of their perspective and what they are attempting to pass on. Through their composition, they are really giving us a gander at history and through that preview of time we can see the contrasts between society’s desires at that point and now. Tristan Bernard’s (1866-1947) I’m Going! A Comedy in One Act (1915), (Clugston, 2010a), is a play set in Paris about a wedded couple (Henri and Jeanne) who on a Sunday morning are attempting to choose how they will go through their day. Henri needs to go to the races yet he needs Jeanne to remain at home, however she needs to go with him, or to see her companion (Clugston, 2010a). The topic of the play is one of doubt and control, as each genuinely needs to go through the day all alone, and toward the finish of the play that is actually what they do (Clugston, 2010a). See more: Analysis of Starbucks espresso organization workers exposition In this play, Bernard utilizes the setting of the stage and imagery to pass on to the crowd a feeling of isolated wants of the couple beginning with the initial scene when Henri and Jeanne enter and sit on inverse sides of the room (Clugston, 2010a). Bernard, truth be told, utilized imagery in a large number of his works, and misused the psychoanalytical procedure to draw his shows together (Degasse, 2008). What one truly needs to glance through the fog to see, be that as it may, is the means by which Bernard joins society’s desires (or twofold norm) of ladies in Paris (and all through the world, truly), however in a silly and emotional style, into the play. One needs to remember that the male crowd of that time most likely had indistinguishable disposition and convictions from the character Henri, and however it might have been seen as right or wrong, ladies were relied upon to be docile and submissive while the male was permitted further opportunities. Henri needs to goes to the races alone, and at last, that is the thing that he does while Jeanne remains at home, however let us look further at the play and reveal the subtleties that show the imbalance of the occasions and how Bernard passes on that conviction. After Henri and Jeanne’s starting passage and they set down, the primary thing that happens is Henri says something about how every Sunday the climate is pleasant until early afternoon, at that point its overcast and blustery or there is a propelling rainstorm (Clugston, 2010a). This verbal perception of the climate might be an illustration and really give two implications; one is that it is in actuality blustery and Henri is setting a negative environment for Jeanne who anticipates that him should take her out for the afternoon, and the other could be the week by week Sunday problem of Henri attempting to go to the races without Jeanne. The blustery, or prospective, day likewise establishes a pace of gloom, yet furnishes Henri with a reason to go to the races alone and spare him and his better half the extra expense of a carriage so as to maintain a strategic distance from the downpour, and extra expense of a women ticket (Clugston, 2010a). In truth, it is only a control of the conditions for Henri to attempt to deter Jeanne in going along with him at the races (Clugston, 2010a). At that point in Bernard’s I’m Going, A Comedy in One Act (1915), Henri suggests a promenade (a stroll) with his better half as opposed to going with him to the races and Jeanne reacts â€Å"Yes, up the Champs-Elysees together! Furthermore, make them look blades at me constantly! At whatever point I do go with you, you’re continually offering upsetting comments. † Henri reacts with â€Å"Because you are in an awful amusingness †you’ll never give me your arm. † (Jeanne challenged him on his false front, since he truly doesn’t need to go for a stroll either), (refered to in Clugston, 2010a, 1. 1. 26-29). She has no genuine goal of taking a stroll with him as she didn't expect to go to the races, however wouldn't like to see him go alone to the races and have a good time alone, either. This is another case of control; her controlling him and the other way around, and begins the to and fro sham of both as far as anyone knows needing to go through the day together when they truly don't (Clugston, 2010a). When Jeanne concludes Henri can go to the races alone in light of the fact that she expects to go see a companion, Henri concludes he will remain at home and not go to the races (Clugston, 2010a). This is a conspicuous portrayal of the spouse not confiding in the wife, and despite the fact that she has offered approval to him to continue, he surrenders all expectations to leave on account of his doubt of her gathering with her companion and furthermore maybe meeting another man. The trickiness between the two characters is evident now in the play yet not clearly clear with respect to why. In spite of the fact that we know by this point Henri’s expectation has consistently been to go to the races alone, it isn't yet clear why Jeanne responds the manner in which she does. Is it that she is manhandled, or expected to remain at home alone while Henri goes to the races, or does she have her own odious plan, or both? At long last, and after much to and fro stratagem of the two characters, Jeanne chooses to remain at home alone and lets Henri disregard for the races, just to get a kick out of the way that she can go through her early evening time taking a shot at caps and getting a charge out of chocolate at home as point by point following Henri leaves for the races in Bernard’s I’m Going! A Comedy in One Act (1915), (refered to by Clugston, 2010a, 1. 1. 81-185): (Waits for a second, tunes in, and hears the external entryway close, at that point rises, and goes to the entryway at the back. She addresses somebody off-stage) Marie, don’t go before you get me a huge cup of chocolate. Bring two rolls, as well. Goodness, and go without a moment's delay to my room and present to me my container of strips and those old caps. (She descends stage, and says radiating) What fun I’ll have cutting caps! All through this play Jeanne is relied upon by Henri to remain at home while he appreciates the evening alone, and in spite of the resistance Jeanne gives him, she in the end halts and Henri has his direction while she is left at home. This is a great case of how ladies were treated by their spouses at that point when contrasted with how most people connect today. There was most likely no other plan of action for the character Jeanne yet to determine herself to some pleasure at home with her caps, and chocolate, and rolls. It could be contended that that is the thing that she needed up and down, that she just needed a consolation that her better half cherished her, yet presumably not, more than likely she basically had no other decision than to involve her Sunday alone as most ideal as and surrender to her husband’s wishes. There stands some vagueness with regards to whether they truly love one another, or if Jeanne is just stuck and can't escape the circumstance she is in. Sixteen years sooner than the play by Tristan Bernard talked about above, however in a similar period of male strength, Kate Chopin (1850-1904) composed a few short stories and books which additionally delineate the misogynist predicament of ladies in her time and the decisions they needed to suffer so as to endure, remembering potentially aggressive behavior at home for when no plan of action was accessible (Tate, 2000). In contrast to Bernard, who was a famous essayist at 25 years old, Chopin was viewed as a women's activist, and as a youthful widow who needed to bring up six kids alone when she lost her significant other to overwhelm fever, she in the end prevailing by going to composing and was broadly acknowledged in the southern United States scholarly circle (Tucker, 1996). Quite a bit of her composing fuses her own background and tribulations, for example, â€Å"The Awakening,† (1899) which delineates a nineteenth century lady who is double-crossing, however keeps up her quality and distinction in spite of society's opinion of her (Tucker, 1996). It is of little uncertainty that Kate Chopin was of a similar feeling and character of a significant number of those characters in her accounts. As per Leary (1968), a lot of her composing â€Å"Speaks of conjugal despondency and of risks which lie in sit tight for individuals who would as they like to manage without worry for other people† (p. 60). Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† (1894), (Clugston, 2010b), is composed obviously and compactly generally ruling out equivocalness or distortion. Chopin’s direct style of composing attracts the peruser rapidly and gives prompt knowledge to what's going on and what the sentiments of the characters are, along these lines expanding the comprehension of what the creator is attempting to pass on. Like Bernard, Chopin utilizes imagery and tone to improve the (for this situation) fanciful setting to advance the reader’s experience. In contrast to Bernard, Chopin’s structure was short stories and books rather than plays to be acted before live crowds. It is likewise critical to take a gander at Kate Chopin from a personal/verifiable point of view to acknowledge Chopin has additionally utilized beneficial encounters as a reason for a portion of her characters: in this story Mr. Mallard has purportedly been executed in a train mishap, while in all actuality Kate Chopin’s father truly was murdered in a train mishap (Tucker, 1996). As indicated by Seyersted, (refered to in Kelly, 1994, p. 332), in the wake of studying â€Å"Athenaise,† he expresses that â€Å"In resentment of its ‘happy ending,’ this story is, on a more profound level, a dissent

Why America Should Adopt a Flat Tax System essays

Why America Should Adopt a Flat Tax System papers Our general public today has strived to get acquainted with our current duty framework, yet some equitable can't grapple with it. The present expense code is out of line to the individuals who are single, work for under $50, 000 dollars for every year, or have enormous families. The high duty rates and low exclusions make it hard for the normal laborer to thrive and excel in todays world. The assessment framework additionally demoralizes residents from sparing and contributing their profit, at last pulling down the American economy. In the course of recent years various proposition for a level duty rate have surfaced and been checked on. These proposition guarantee enormous tax reductions, less government structures and costs, and bigger exceptions (Armey 2). The United States ought to receive a level expense rate to better its residents and increment the national economy. Our countries current expense code is unreasonably noteworthy and convoluted. More than 480 distinctive tax documents exist for business experts and people (Armey 2). The assessment code additionally demoralizes laborers from facing challenges in the business world and pounds any innovative soul. Numerous Americans have gotten baffled with the high duty rates and low exceptions too. Duty rates are probably the most noteworthy ever at a normal pace of 39.6%. Just in 1981 when they arrived at 70 %, and during World War II at 94%, were American charges any higher (Bartlett 2). Tax avoidance has become a difficulty with our contemporary assessments. A few people will frequently guarantee less salary on their tax documents, winding up not paying as much in charges. The raising of exclusions, reasonings, and discounts have expanded too. The Internal Revenue Service has likewise revealed issues with residents expanding such figures as exceptions, discounts, and commitments made to noble cause (Dent 4). Inspecting of residents has enhanced in the course of recent years just because of tax avoidance. During charge season numerous American lives are complica... <!

You and Your Family Firm Essay - 550 Words

You and Your Family Firm (Essay Sample) Content: NameCourseInstructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameDateWhy you and your family firmMy familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business is Ling Inc and is based in China. It deals with real estate management where the organization is involved in purchasing land and building both residential and business premises where they are later sold. The business was started by my grand father, Mr. Ling, as the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name suggests. Being a family business, it is managed and headed by my father and assisted by my mother. We are a family of four, with my elder sister the other member. The business has recorded enormous success since its inception. It has given jobs to other family members from our extended families and some few others from the general public .people that we are not related.However, the family members occupy the managerial posts where we have been allocated various posts to monitor and run. The business has strict guidelines to be followed and it does not offer much of training to a new member like me, especially when I was young. After joining college I volunteered to work in a retail store, Verizon, as a sales representative. My duties were to get the customers what they wanted or offering alternatives. When my dad was convinced I was responsible enough, he gave me the marketing department.To me, marketing was more like sales. I had to identify my target then place the best strategies to win clients. My first task in the business was to revolutionize the marketing ideals adopted by my father. Initially, he was the one doing marketing using the referral method where he relied on his legacy to get more clients. The plan was working but the competition kept on knocking on our door. I adopted technology by outsourcing development the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s website that had a blog attached to it. This was just one of the marketing changes that had instant success.The other departments were human resource, finance and general management. My dad is the general manager who is responsible to identifying the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s goal. My mother if the head of finance and she is responsible in all financial aspects, but more importantly on adhering to the stipulated budget. My sister ion the other hand maintains the office and she is our physical representative when we are in the field. She is responsible in recruiting human...

Business Ethics And Governance Of A Capitalist Corporation

Business, Ethics and Governance MGT2204 – Assignment 3 Word limit: 2000 words Prepared for Gerard Betros Prepared by Rebekah Pink Student ID: 0061029305 Introduction Ethics in business addresses the ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ behaviours of business practises, and how these practices impact the employees, shareholders, the general public and the environment. This essay will take a look at two different types of business structures; the capitalist corporation and the workers cooperative, and review how the differing approach to business and the fundamental ideologies of each, impacts ethical practises. To highlight this, I will look at more specifically at capitalist organisation ANZ and cooperative Mondragon Cooperative Corporation and how they deal with the potential ethical dilemmas of fair wages for employees and executive remuneration. Fundamental Ideologies of a Capitalist Corporation The fundamental ideologies of a capitalist corporation can vary from company to company, but typically all have the same underlying purpose – to make a profit. Often, a business’ ideologies are expressed in the form of an organisational vision or mission statement – a simple statement demonstrating to the public, and reminding the employees, the goal of the organisation. These vision or mission statements usually look at the ‘bigger picture’ of what an organisation wants to achieve. Examples being: †¢ â€Å"To be a trusted partner setting the standard of excellence for recruitment inShow MoreRelatedThe Integration Of Law And Ethics945 Words   |  4 PagesAs the subject title indicates, Substantive ethics is about the integration of law and ethics in corporate ethics programs. The author of this article gives numerous examples of why integration of law and ethics is needed. There are numerous areas of concern, such as dishonest corporate dealings, global human rights, tort lawsuits, and questionable executive salaries (Blodgett, 2012). There is a view that laws are rules meant to be followed and not necessarily understood for its ethical value. ThisRead MoreEthical Treatment of Shareholders and Workers in a Traditional, Capitalist Corporation; the Ford Motor Company and Compare and Contrast the Findings with the Treatment of These Stakeholders in the Mondragon Cooperative Corporation.2168 Words   |  9 Pagestraditional, capitalist corporation; The Ford Motor Company a nd compare and contrast the findings with the treatment of these stakeholders in the Mondragon Cooperative Corporation. The structure of this essay will be as follows; firstly the fundamental differences between the two contrasting organisations will be examined and how these differences impact the ethical treatment of the relevant stakeholders; secondly, the ethical treatment of shareholders in regards to corporate governance and the executive’sRead MoreStrategic Purpose2634 Words   |  11 Pages4 – STRATEGIC PURPOSE 4.1 Introduction The example of Lehman Brothers show that there is a failure of both strategy and governance. In this chapter we will able to  : * Consider appropriate ways to express the strategic purpose * Identify the components of the governance chain of an organisation * Understand differences in governance structures * Identify differences in the corporate responsibility * Undertake Stakeholder analysis 4.2 Organisational purpose: values, missionRead MoreCorporate Management Theories1721 Words   |  7 PagesGroup 1 Corporate Governance Theories of corporate management and Process Definition:- According to the business directory, management theory is a collection of ideas which set forth general rules on how to manage a business or organization. Management theory addresses how managers and supervisors relate to their organizations in the knowledge of its goals, the implementation of effective means to get the goals accomplished and how to motivate employees to perform to the highest standardRead MoreCase Study: Tyco International: Leadership Crisis1653 Words   |  7 PagesNew Jersey (Tyco International (US) Inc.). Tyco International is composed of five major business segments: ADT Worldwide, Fire Protection Services, Safety Products, Flow Control and Electrical and Metal Products. This case study describes the Leadership crisis faced by Tyco International and its rebuilding an empire again. In 2001, Dennis Kozlowski, chairman and CEO of Tyco International, was identified by Business Week as a manager to watch. In 2002, it turned out that he certainly was the man to watchRead MoreCase Study: Tyco International: Leadership Crisis1647 Words   |  7 PagesJersey (Tyco International (US) Inc.). Tyco International is composed of five major business segments: ADT Worldwide, Fire Protection Services, Safety Products, Flow Control and Electrical and Metal Products. This case study describes the Leadership crisis faced by Tyco International and its rebuilding an empire again. In 2001, Dennis Kozlowski, chairman and CEO of Tyco International, was identified by Business Week as a manager to watch. In 2002, it turned out that he certainly was the man to watchRead MoreLeadership And Governance Essay2671 Words   |  11 PagesLeadership And Governance Introduction Like love, death, money, politics, and war, the subject of leadership is one that is continuously under discussion. Yet, despite all the attention given to leadership and its recognized importance, leadership still remains pretty much of an unexplained and confusing concept. There are innumerable theories that explain various facets of the leadership phenomena but unfortunately there is no comprehensive and general theoryRead MoreBusiness Ethics: Capitalism5279 Words   |  22 Pagescountries use to guide their development programs and economic policies. Almost all the worlds countries are currently running their economies on capitalist inspired doctrines ,this fact testifies to a great extent of the many advantages and viability of the system of capitalism . 1.2 Advantages of Capitalism 1.2.1 Cheaper and better products A capitalist economy operates in a â€Å"free market†, this is a requirement vital if capitalism is to thrive. A free market is characterized by Businesses whichRead MoreThe Board Of Directors : Amazon1119 Words   |  5 PagesII. Corporate Governance A. Board of Directors Amazon has a total of three board committees: the audit, governance and leadership development and compensation committees comprised of both internal and external members. The board consists of several venture capitalists, several senior-level executives from different industries, an eminent scientist, and a representative from the non-profit sector. The Chairman of the Board is Jeff Bezos who is also Amazon’s CEO. Jeff Bezos owns 19.4% of the companyRead Moreâ€Å"Implicit† and â€Å"Explicit† Csr: a Conceptual Framework for a Comparative Understanding of Corporate Social Responsibility13330 Words   |  54 Pagesthe global economy. In this paper we address the question of why forms of business responsibility for society both differ among countries and change within them. We do so by comparative investigation of corporate social responsibility (CSR), historically and contemporarily, in the United States and in Europe.1 The paper is inspired by two commonplace observations. The first observation is that while many U.S. corporations have both been attributed, and ready to claim, social responsibilities, this

Essay on Book Summary and Review Going Public by Samuel...

Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership by Samuel Kernell OVERALL: Presidents use sympathetic crowds rally public opinion to his side (promote himself and his policies) going public remains a potent weapon in the president’s arsenal, for advocating his own agenda and blocking initiatives from adversaries in Congress. This strategy continues to evolve given the intense polarization of Congress and the electroate AND changes in communications technology Implications of these factors (especially in combination) on the future of presidential leadership the lessons of 9/11 on going public in foreign affairs Going public means making direct appeals to voters in order to scare Congress into passing legislation that hte†¦show more content†¦so the president must mobilize the electorate to pressure Washington elites to submit to the president’s leadership. Going public conflicts with bargaining in several ways: ** it often includes fluff, not the substantial exchanges necessary for bargaining it does not extend benefits for compliance but imposes costs for noncompliance. more like a threat than a mutually advantageous bargain it entails posturing, it hardens positions and makes bargaining more difficult it undermines the legitimacy of other politicans, Congress in particular (p3-4) individualized is the preferred strategy by modern presidents examples of successes Chapter 3 - How the presidents entering washington have changed: outsiders and divided government Truman: cooperation ONLY OUTSIDERS CAN GO PUBLIC gp is a strategy for independent politicians with few group or institutional loyalties and who aren’t so interested in sacrificing short-term gain for hte longer-term advantages of bargaining. when gp, a president seeks to mobilize other politicans’ supporters on his behalf. usually, a particular audience or constituency is targeted with a particular message. *organization is crucial to success. Chapter 4: the President and the press how the press has led to the trend of going public charts to show trend (beginning of chapters) the Washington press corps’ relationship to executive has changed with the transformation in the political

BREXIT The Economical Arguments

Question: Discuss about the BREXIT for The Economical Arguments. Answer: BREXIT Brexit is the combination of the words British Exit, implying the exit of Great Britain from the European Union. A referendum was held on 23rd June, 2016, where in 52% of the British population voted to Leave. Following Brexit, David Cameron resigned from the post of the British Prime Minister. This essay discusses the economical impact of Brexit on London as a leading financial centre in the world, and the longer approach of British business firms following Brexit. The Economical Arguments for and against Brexit The main reason cited for Brexit was the economical disadvantage the United Kingdom had as a part of the EU. However, there were many disagreements over the economical status of the UK in the EU, which led to the Brexit, both then in 1975 and now in 2016. There were mixed reactions to the decision of the Brexit, which was one of the election manifestos of the Prime Minister David Cameron. Those who were in the favour of Brexit were a fair share of the members of the Conservative, Labour and the Democratic Union Parties, even though a significant number of the British citizens were divided in their opinion. The arguments that were put forth in favour of Brexit were (Rossiter, 2016): Reduction in Immigration The immigration policy of the EU has allowed a lot of migrant population working in the UK. The impact of immigration on the economy includes the dearth of jobs for the UK born natives; the jobs created in the UK are taken by the immigrants, this affecting the employment status as well as the wage rate of the native population. Brexit would enable more jobs for the natives, and a lesser loss of money by the migrants. Trade Relations Many economists in the UK feel that trade in the UK is severely restricted by the interference from the EU, which in turn negatively hampers the employment and consumer policies of the UK. Brexit would enable a freedom from the unfavorable legislations and red tape that hindered the free trading system of the UK. There would also be room for negotiations and trade deals that are in the favour of the UK. Cost Saving: The UK, while belonging to the EU, contributes a massive membership fees to the EU. However, many claim that the membership was not a for-profit one, and leaving the EU would save massive sums of money each year, that could be put to good use by the UK Government. This would mean reduction in taxes and investing in areas of the countrys development. Those who wanted to stay in the EU included the British Prime Minister David Cameron, the Prime Minister of the United States Barack Obama, the Party of Wales, the Liberal Democrats, and few of the EU nations like France and Germany. The arguments that were put forth against Brexit were (Capital Economics Limited, 2015): Immigration helps more than it hurts: With the advent of globalization, there is no way to stop immigration, and stricter immigration policies would mean loss of skilled migrant labour to the UK, resulting in low productivity, and a lesser GDP; the immigrants to the UK are taxed more than the natives. Trade Relations: Even though remaining in the EU would mean enduring the trade policies and restrictions, it is argued that with even Brexit, the UK would have to follow the policies of the EU in order to maintain trade relations with them. Also, there would be a loss of a lot of jobs, and to accommodate all of them would require a lot of work, which would cost more than remaining in the EU. Economists also fear the Brexit would turn trade relations away from the UK, as it would not have easier trade policies as the rest of the EU (Parke, 2016). Benefits outweigh costs: Even though the UK would benefit from the saved cost of the membership fees, there are a lot of benefits from remaining in the EU than leaving it. For Example, the costs of healthcare, employment for many people across sectors etc would be hampered if the UK leaves the EU. Loss of Reputation: Economists argue that with the Brexit, the entire EU stands at a risk of an economic collapse. This would result in a loss of reputation and influence of the UK, which is respected in the EU as of today. The UK would be held responsible for Europes reverting back to the times of the WW-I, where in there was an economic disunity. People on both sides of the Brexit have established strong points in their stand. However, with the UKs withdrawal from the EU, the financial impact of the Brexit must be analyzed. The Financial Impact of Brexit on London as a leading financial center of the world London, the capital of the UK, is one of the leading financial centers in the world, since the 19th Century. This implies that the formation and the UKs partnership with the EU have not affected its position. However, one cannot deny the impact of the Brexit on Great Britains economy. Due to the Brexit, Londons spot as a top financial centre would be shifted to Dublin, Ireland; or Frankfurt, Germany (Dhingra et al., 2016). This comes in the wake of the UKs withdrawal from the EU, which means that investors would find the trade relations, economic and immigration policies of the UK would be tougher to deal with. The factors responsible for the financial impact of Brexit, on London as a leading financial center in the world, are discussed below. Human Capital: Immigration to the UK has been easier by the policies of the EU, which has resulted in a greater GDP and higher income to the state due to separate taxation policies for the migrants. Restricting and making stringent the immigration policies if the UK is a main factor which would discourage migrant workers from working at the UK. Though this would provide opportunities to the native citizens of the EU, the negative effects of lesser immigration in the future cannot be ignored. The migrants from the EU currently working in the UK will have to be paid more, for the UK to retain the existing workforce. This will cause an added economical pressure on the UK. Business environment: There is a generalized consensus among most businessmen, who have their establishments in the UK, which the Brexit would mean them leaving the UK for the EU. London, which is the financial centre for all these businesses, would lose its business environment, if big establishments prefer to leave the UK. Even though there is a wide scope for new businesses to emerge, following freedom from the EUs restrictions, it would take a long time to regain the financial capital and reputation that London stands to lose due to the business losses. Financial Sector Development: London enjoyed a high financial status, by trade relations which was made easy by the Single Market, via the passporting system. This enabled all investors to enjoy a smooth trade relationship within all the 28 nations of the EU, without any need of approval from the trade regulators of each state. Following the Brexit, London would lose access to the EU passport, which would severely hamper trade relations. The cost of setting up a new passport is also high, given the hidden costs of paperwork, human resource and relocations (Allen Overy, 2016). Infrastructure: This component focuses on the office space and transportation to the financial investors at the place. Before the Brexit, UK based business establishments were free to have their headquarters anywhere within the EU. However, now that the UK has withdrawn from the EU, there would be a space crunch, and a resultant price hike of office space to all the entrepreneurships that would stay in the UK. This would discourage the formation of startups and business expansions, on account of limited infrastructure. Reputation: The financial reputation of the UK has always been high, and has helped maintain the reputation and the cohesion of the EU as well. However, with the Brexit, the chances are high that there would be a severe loss of support from the EU, as well as from parts of the rest of the world. If a nation chooses not to trade with the UK, it would only deepen UKs loss. Further, Britains powers as a nation independent of the EU would weaken its influence over the global economics, which it had as a strong member of the EU. Another point to consider is the effect of Brexit on the EU; if the EU heads towards a collapse, the UK would be held responsible, which is not a good sign for the reputation of a nation. Health Care: One of the high stake issues that would be affected due to Brexit is the healthcare of the UK, and the healthcare benefits that the people of the UK had received as a result of remaining in the EU. The National Health Service (NHS) heavily relies on the research grants coming from the EU, which provides free European Health Insurance Cards (EHIC) to the employees of the EU, including the UK. With the completion of the Brexit, the employees will lose their EHIC, which means that the UK will have to invest heavily on other insurance plans to provide healthcare coverage for their citizens, which would heavily impact on the countrys economy (McKee Galsworthy, 2016). Unless the UK takes massive steps to retain its position as the worlds top financial centre, the Global Financial Centers Index scores are likely to dip down. The short and long term risk management approach of British firms following Brexit Brexit would undoubtedly alter the status and the environments of many business establishments based in and out of the UK. The major impacts would be taxations, trade relations, human resource recruitment concerns due to immigration policies, and increase in the costs. This would lead to many business establishments considering leaving the UK and settling in the EU, thus causing huge losses to the UK. The actual process of the UK leaving the EU would take up to two years of time, and this would be the transitory period of the Brexit being announced and not yet implemented. This would be the period in which most investors and business heads would have to make their decisions and formulate their strategies, in order to find establish a ground in the economy. The interim period between the Brexit and the actual leaving would pose many questions to the business establishments. In order to chalk the short term and long term risk management strategies, the potential risks of Brexit on the company must be identified. Share market Standings: Investments in the UK are one of its strong points, irrespective of its relationship with the EU. However, due to the increased hype, and the potential financial implications of the Brexit, most shareholders in UK based companies would seek clarification on the standings of their investments, or offer to withdraw or sell the shares right away. This would mean great losses in the economical placements of the company. The general idea would be to retain the shareholders. The short term strategy would be to maintain their shares without much decline, in order to prevent losses in shares (Dhingra et al., 2016). This would involve assuring the shareholders of a promising future, and backing it up with increased productivity. In the event of the losses of a few shares, the firms must be able to manage the losses without imposing them on the employees. As a longer term management strategy, the employees must be encouraged to work to their full potential, in keeping t he companys performance at a high level. However, newer investments and expansions must be delayed, in order to balance the potential losses incurred due to the Brexit if any. Trade Relations: Brexit would definitely affect the trade relations between the UK and the EU, and so the UK based firms would have to revamp their trade strategies with the EU. This would involve obtaining the new passports, retaining the workforce, and keeping a lot of back-up funds for any financial crisis that might be underway. For example, as the UK exports nearly 60% of the EUs automobile supplies, the Brexit would mean severe losses to the EU. This would hamper further trade relations of the EU with the UK. Even if the UK exports cars to the USA and China, a potential export destination, the EU would be lost. The short term strategies would be putting on hold any new trade agreements that have been in the pipeline for long. As this would delay financial improvements and expansions, the back-up fund would come in use. For a longer term plan, decisions must be made whether to let their headquarters stay in the UK or to move it to another potentially viable city in the EU. If th e decision is to stay, then new trade agreements with the EU and the rest of the world must be planned, along with the costs of obtaining the new passports (Ebell Warren, 2016). If the decision is to leave, then though financial losses might be incurred, it must be aimed to be balanced within a few years. Both ways, financial losses would be incurred. Workforce Status: One of the undeniable effects of Brexit is that there would be a lot of people who would lose their jobs. This would affect employees of the UK based companies branched out in the EU, and the non UK companies branched out in the UK. The changed policies on immigration would make it difficult for the firms to retain the employees. The short term strategy must be to ensure retention of all highly performing employees, by acknowledging their work and productivity. At a long term basis, the company can consider employing resources who would clear the immigration barriers, and providing perks and incentives to retain them without the risk of their migrating back to their natives. It must be explained to the employees why the bonuses and perks are not relatively high; some of the leadership staff has to forgo their pay-perks in order to manage the increased costs happening due to the Brexit (Bell Machin, 2016). The Passport: Brexit would mean the termination of the European Passport for the citizens of the UK, which had allowed easy trade within the Single Market. This implies that very non UK based business firm located within the UK must relocate to the EU. Such firms must utilize the two year odd transition period to settle all deals and investments within UK while still being able to use the EU passport in the UK, and aim on relocating back to a financially viable location in the EU (Heisbourg, 2016). On a long term plan, these firms would still retain the EU passport, but the trade relations with the UK might be questionable. This also implies that every UK based business firm that has dealings with the EU, must obtain a new passport for further dealings. This would involve a lot of paperwork, monetary expenditure, and labour. The long term strategy of the firms on the separate passport would be management of trade dealings with the EU which would involve a lot of red tape, incidentall y the issue in the EU which the UK resisted. The above mentioned strategies adopted by business firms within the UK are predictions of the likely proceedings following the Brexit. However, the actual stance of UK and the EU would be known after the complete separation, as both the entities are still a part of many policies and treaties. As the geographical location of the European nations and the UK favour trade relations, it is hoped that the new trade and financial policies would be flexible to favour trade relations and business alliances. References: Allen Overy, 2016. Brexit - contingency planning for corporates. Allen Overy. Bell, B. Machin, S., 2016. Brexit and wage inequality. Brexit Beckons: Thinking ahead by leading economists. Capital Economics Limited, 2015. The Economic Impact of Brexit. Woodford Investment Management. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G.I.., Sampson, T. Reenen, J.V., 2016. The consequences of Brexit for UK trade and living standards. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G., Sampson, T. Van Reenen, J., 2016. The impact of Brexit on foreign investment in the UK. Centre for Economic Performance (CEP). Ebell, M. Warren, J.., 2016. The long-term economic impact of leaving the EU. National Institute Economic Review , 236(1), pp.121-38. Heisbourg, F., 2016. Brexit and European Security. Survival, 58(3), pp.13-22. McKee, M. Galsworthy, M.J., 2016. Brexit: a confused concept that threatens public health. Journal of Public Health , 38(1), pp.3-5. Parke, T., 2016. The potential economic impact of Brexit for London, the UK and Europe. PwC. Rossiter, A., 2016. About-Britain.com. [Online] Available at: https://about-britain.com/institutions/compare-brexit-arguments.htm [Accessed 26 Augustus 2016].

Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence

Abstract Background: The developmental relationships between child maltreatment, youth violence, and intimate partner violence (IPV) are well documented. However, very few studies document the relationship between child abuse/maltreatment and youth violence as separate entities. In the present study, the relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence is examined in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Method: Using a quasi-experimental design, the present study will examine the conduct/behavior of 14,000 participants drawn from different parts of the United States. Further, the researchers will collect data from three different waves of measurements using three various forms of questionnaires. Subsequently, the data will be analyzed using the STATA SE (Version 9) software application to evaluate the impact of different kinds of child violence on the development and perpetration of youth violence in later stages of lifespan development. Results: Relative to non-victims, the results of the present study are expected to show a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors. Furthermore, it is expected that the percentage probability that abused victims will perpetrate youth violence in the future is expected to be higher than that recorded in previous studies. Conversely, gender differences are also expected in the way males and females respond to different forms of child maltreatment in perpetrating youth violence in later stages of lifespan development. Conclusion: From the study findings, it will be apparent that there is a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors. Introduction Literatur e Review It is certain that many socio-economic risk factors are implicated in the development and progression of youth violence. However, there are relatively few research studies documenting the impact of child maltreatment and abuse on the future perpetuation of youth violence. As a result, the present study takes a closer look into the relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence as separate entities through evaluating the cycle of violence among a specific group of participants right from preschool stage to adolescence. In this way, the study aims at providing insights into youth violence across the lifespan development process in order to inform future programs aimed at designing prevention intervention strategies for violent youth.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Accordingly, most preliminary studies have documented the relationship between child maltreat ment and youth violence in the presence of other factors such as domestic violence and intimate partner violence (IPV), and thus, locking out further investigations into the individual contribution of child maltreatment in the development of youth violence. Here, Fang and Corso (2007, p. 281) examined the development of interrelationships among different forms of child abuse, intimate partner violence (IPV), and youth violence relative to a host other factors such as contextual, family background, and socio-economic factors. The study utilizes data on self-reported incidences among participants drawn from a representative sample at a national level to analyze various developmental relationships between different variables. The study results suggest that relative to non-victims, victims experiencing child abuse/maltreatment demonstrate a higher probability toward engaging in youth violence as they grow. Further, the study notes that the likelihood that abused female children will bec ome violent youth ranges from 1.2% to about 6.6%, and for abused male children, the probability ranges from 3.7% to about 11.9% with variations occurring relative to different forms of child abuse/maltreatment (Fang Corso, 2007, pp. 281-290; ScienceDaily, 2007, p. 1 of 1). However, the study is limited in that it fails to account for the gender differences observed in youth violence among the participants. Further research documents that in the presence of domestic violence and child maltreatment, which are suspected to occur in the same social set up at the same time, there is an increased probability that children raised in violent environments will become violent youth in future (Carter, 2004, para. 1). Furthermore, Carter (2004, para. 1-10) notes that the socio-economic risk factors observed in youth violence closely resemble those observed in domestic violence and child maltreatment. This then leaves one wondering whether the relationship between child maltreatment and youth v iolence is unidirectional or multidimensional. Moreover, very few research studies document the link between child abuse and youth violence in the presence of various socio-economic risk factors and protective factors, which according to Cox, Kotch, and Everson (2003, p. 6) play a significant role in modifying the developmental relationships between child abuse/maltreatment and youth violence. Here, Cox et al. (2003, pp. 5-16) posit that various socio-economic factors such as young maternal age, low income, lack of religious intervention, low education, divorce, and separation from caregivers are implicated in child maltreatment and subsequently in youth violence among the victims rather than the non-victims.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conversely, additional studies note that in predicting youth violence, va rious factors such as the bonds between the family and children, involvement in school activities, bonds with antisocial/violent peers, and one’s perspective of the use violence provide clear insights into the link between child abuse and youth violence. Here, the study employs 457 children who are examined right from preschool stage through adolescence, and the results suggest that child abuse/maltreatment is highly mediated by different socio-economic factors, which will also influence the impact of child abuse in youth violence in later stages of lifespan development (Herrenkohl et al., 2003, pp. 1189-1208). This study employs the correct approach in examining the link between child abuse and youth violence. However, it is limited in terms of sample size since the number of participants does not reflect the status at the national level. As a result, the present study will utilize the same approach through conducting a longitudinal study involving a national representative sample of children in order to investigate the link between child maltreatment and youth violence right from preschool stage through adolescence. This study it is hypothesized that there is a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of various socio-economic risk factors. Further, gender differences are expected in terms of how males and females are impacted by child maltreatment as they develop into violent youth. Methodology Participants The study entails 14,000 participants (7,000 males and 7,000 females) drawn randomly from different states/schools in the United States. The eligibility of the participants depends on whether an informed consent of the parents/guardians/caregivers/teachers will be obtained since the study involves investigating/examining the conduct/behavior of the participants right from preschool level through adolescence. Design Materials The research design used in the current study is the quasi-experimental design considering that the study entails about three waves of measurements. In wave I measurements, respondents will be interviewed on the basis of a 45-item questionnaire designed to gather information regarding the individuals, their families, schools, and their communities, which will also form the basis of sampling. Subsequently, wave II measurements will entail gathering self-reported information regarding youth violence victimization relative to a 30-item questionnaire applicable to young adults. Further, in wave III measurements, researchers will embark on gathering self-reports on youth violence perpetration relative to a 30-item questionnaire applicable to young adults (Note: The questionnaires described herein are available elsewhere).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Procedure As a noted earlier, using the questionnaires described in the foregoing discussions, researchers will conduct wave I measurements after obtaining informed consents from the participants and their caregivers who will also take part in answering questions regarding the socio-economic environments available to the participants. For instance, the researchers may wish to inquire from the respondents whether they have been slapped, kicked or left home alone when the presence of an adult is highly valued in order to rule out cases of child abuse/maltreatment. After a significant amount of time (7-8 years) has passed, the researchers will embark on interviewing the same number of respondents (14,000) from wave I in order to inquire whether they are victims or perpetrators of youth violence relative to wave II and III questionnaires. Here, it is worth noting that the researchers may wish to inquire whether the respondents have ever been involved in shooting or wounding other person s, and maybe whether they have ever pointed a gun or knife to another person. Subsequently, the statistical analyses will entail applying bivariate regression methods to investigate the link between child maltreatment and various forms of youth violence (victimization and perpetration). Additionally, the maximum likelihood methods will inform the estimation of different recursive simultaneous equations. Furthermore, the sample means will be used in determining the direct or indirect impact of a particular variable on others. Conversely, estimates of standard errors will be determined through bootstrapping techniques, especially in case one intends to determine the indirect impact of a given variable. Additionally, it is paramount to note that all the statistical analyses will be conducted using the STATA SE (Version 9) software application. Results After successful statistical analyses as described under the methodology section, it is expected that the results will coincide with oth er documented evidence, which shows a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other socio-economic factors. Here, relative to non-victims, the likelihood that abused children will become violent in later stages of development is expected to be higher for both males and females compared to the one documented in previous studies considering that the current research entails a larger representative sample. Furthermore, it is expected that gender differences in perpetration and victimization of youth violence will be more apparent, with the males expected to demonstrate more effects relative to there female counterparts. Here, the study results are expected to show that males are more likely to perpetrate violence in case at any one point in their lifespan development process, they encountered child abuse/maltreatment in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors such as domestic violence and low income. Discussions Using the experimental design described in the foregoing discussions, and comparing the data collected with other research studies, the present study results are expected to show a clear link between child maltreatment and youth violence in the presence of other modifying socio-economic factors. However, it should be noted that this is a general view regarding victims of child maltreatment as opposed to their non-victim counterparts. Further, considering that the study entails a representative sample drawing participants from different parts of the United States, the present study is more likely to reinforce the results documented by various researchers who are of the idea that the interventions aimed at preventing child maltreatment will go a long way in preventing youth violence perpetration and the subsequent IPV cases reported among different young families. On the other hand, it is essential to note that despite the study showing a direct link between child maltreatment and youth violence, there is the risk that the present study is limited in terms of addressing the direct and indirect impact of different forms of child maltreatment on the subsequent perpetration of youth violence. Here, child neglect during the early childhood stage and the subsequent physical maltreatment of victims are part of several factors implicated in youth violence perpetration in later stages of lifespan development, the gender factor not-withstanding. Therefore, the present study may fail to answer the question whether the link between childhood neglect and physical maltreatment is stronger among the males or females. As a result, future research studies should be designed in such a way that the link between the two factors is clearly examined to bring out the underlying gender factor. On the other hand, it is apparent from the discussions above that sexual abuse has not been treated as a separate entity in child maltreatment. According to Fang and Corso (2007, p. 279), the link between child sexua l abuse and the subsequent perpetration of youth violence appears to differ with the one observed in child neglect and physical maltreatment. As a result, it is expected that gender differences will arise relative to the way males and females are bound to perpetrate future youth violence in case they are sexually abused in childhood. However, the present study fails to consider this paramount factor, which leaves room for future studies aimed at examining the impact of sexual abuse on the development of youth violence as a separate entity. Overall, by looking at the individual contribution of child maltreatment in youth violence, the present study offers an in-depth insight into the significance of developing interventional strategies aimed at combating child maltreatment and youth violence in cases whereby the two appear as separate entities. In this way, the study aims at saving the community-based health professionals the additional resources channeled toward combating socio-econ omic factors that do not have any significant impact in some cases of child maltreatment and the subsequent youth violence. References Carter, J. (2004). Domestic violence, child abuse, and youth violence: Strategies for  prevention and early intervention. San Francisco, CA: Family Violence Prevention Fund. Cox, C. E., Kotch, J. B., Everson, M. D. (2003). A longitudinal study of modifying influences in the relationship between domestic violence and child maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 18 (1), 5-16. Fang, X., Corso, P. S. (2007). Child maltreatment, youth violence, and intimate partner violence: Developmental relationships. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33 (4), 281-290. Herrenkohl, T. I., Huang, B., Tajima, E. A., Whitney, S. D. (2003). Examining the link between child abuse and youth violence: An analysis of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18 (10), 1189-1208. Science Daily. (2007). Victims of child maltreatment more likely to perpe trate youth  violence, intimate partner violence. Science News. Web. This research paper on Relationship between child maltreatment and youth violence was written and submitted by user Jaidyn Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

“Which would be worse to live as a monster or die as a good man” Professor Ramos Blog

â€Å"Which would be worse to live as a monster or die as a good man† This belief would spark the fear and interest about the human mind and spark the monster that were not just in the mental asylums but how mental asylums were there own kind of monster. The fear of the mentally insane caused such fear in people that they would commit family members or people who were not even mentally ill. Cohen writes, â€Å"The monster’s body quite literally incorporates fear, desire, anxiety, and fantasy (ataractic or incendiary) giving them life and an uncanny independence.†. This stands true today, as back when madhouses and mental asylums first started coming about. Nellie Bly would go to write about it in her book, Ten Days In A Mad-House, she knew the best way into a mental asylum was to put fear, anxiety, and make-believe thoughts into the minds of working women at a boarding house. She knew once that fear, anxiety and fantasy took hold of their thoughts they would not be able to rest until they knew she was locked away. In the 1600s and 1700s, the economy started to see the growth of private â€Å"madhouse†, the pre asylum. Before this, it was on the family members to be responsible for care if they could or couldn’t afford the private madhouses, according to Brought to Life Science Museum. Like today, they would end up on the streets begging for help, food, or somewhere to stay. Many family members were embarrassed of having family that were mentally ill or even thought to be mentally ill. This was a sufficient enough cause for private â€Å"madhouse† not to keep any records of patients if any records at all. Even with very little records that were kept, it’s not hard to see the proof that was left behind, â€Å"Artefacts show keepers used physical restraints such as leg-irons and manacles. Some keepers adopted ‘management’ techniques developed by Renaissance horse masters to control stubborn horses.† (Mental Institutions). This information of abuse and ill treatment of patients in houses was not something that can be easily hidden as they had once thought. The imprint that â€Å"madhouses† left for the soon to follow asylums, still have people in the everlasting fascination and curiosity we still have today. As History of York documents, â€Å"Many believed that ‘lunatics’ were insensitive to hot and cold, sub-human, like animals. Beatings and confinement were accepted practice, as was underfeeding patients. In 1786, Joseph Townsend wrote on the subject,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hunger will tame the fiercest animals, it will teach decency and civility,  obedience and subjection to the most perverse†.†. Nellie Bly had always had a desire to know about life in asylum, which she writes in her book, Ten Days In a Mad-House. Who is Nellie Bly? Her real name is Elizabeth Jane Cochran. In 1887 she moved to New York City to start working for the newspaper company, New York World. Here is where her dreams of being a journalist took off, one of her earliest assignments was a article detailing a personal experiences, telling what patients endured at the legendary mental institution on Blackwells Island in New York City. Bly would pretended to be a mental patient in order to get a first hand experience, she got locked away for 10 days. according to biography.com. Bly went in not knowing if she was going to come out, nor did her editors. She realized that some people were falsely put into Blackwell’s because they weren’t able to be understood or some how thought to not be in the right state of mind. Bly goes on to write, â€Å" ‘†¦.Even the sick ones know it is useless to say anything for the answer will be that it is their imagination.’ She also reported on the cultural insensitivity and language barriers experienced by immigrant women who spoke little or no English and a host of hostile and abusive treatments, from mandatory cold baths to confinement in small, damp, vermin-infested, locked rooms.† (Markel). It didn’t matter what you were brought to the asylum for you were there at the mercy of the courts, doctors, and nurses. Patients knew that nothing would help no matter how right minded you sounded. The doctors and nurses would twist words so that you would sound more mentally unstable then before. After she got out and wrote about the cruel mistreatment at Blackwell, the poor conditions of living, little to no food, lack of sanitation, along with the abuse and mistreatment of the people, the state of New York started a investigation into the abuse. After Ms. Bly’s articles were printed, many of the horrifying prob lems she talked about improved. Better living conditions, sanitation improved, more nourishing food was giving to the patients, more translators were hired for the foreign speaking patients. One of the result was the doctors and nurses that had been the most abusive were fired and replaced. Today the world is still interested with the asylums and the fear of the human mind, we have television shows like American Horror Story Season 2: Asylum. Lana Winter is one of the main characters seen through out the seasons, played by Sarah Paulson. In this season we see how Lana goes undercover into Briarcliff Asylum for a story and ends up getting a whole lot more then she bargained for. The portrayal of Lana Winters is directly inspired by Nellie Bly with some changes for the dramatics of the show. If Nellie Bly had not done her undercover investigation we wouldn’t have the truth seeking, smart, and investigating Lana Winters of American Horror Story. Both ladies are dedicated to there work of journalism, and want to expose the truth to better the lives and inform the people of the evil happenings in the asylum. As we get to know people inside Briarcliff we see that some of the patients are mentally ill as well as some that are falsely locked away. The fear of mentally il l people inside, along with the practicing of â€Å"treatments† on human is enough to keep them locked up so they can’t share the truth what was really happening inside the walls of the asylum. Movies are another way that Hollywood shows it’s fascination, the first movie that comes to mind is 2010 Shutter Island. You could say that Shutter Island could be categorized under Cohen’s These VI: Fear of the Monster Is Really a Kind of Desire when he writes, â€Å"The monster awakens one to the pleasures of the body, to the simple and fleeting joys of being frightened, or frightening†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , if you’ve seen Shutter Island you know this movie has you jumping, scared, and unable to look away while playing tricks on our minds. In this film we are introduced to US Federal Marshal Teddy Daniels and his partner Chuck Aule while they are on there way to Shutter Island in Boston Harbor which is the home for criminally insane at Ashecliffe Hospital. We get inside the mind and emotion of Mr. Daniels as he is looking for a missing patient by the name of Andrew Laeddis. As we see Teddy Daniels struggling with his own emotions and thoughts. We over look different m oments that should stand out, letting us know something isn’t right. The examples in the video are just some of the things we over look because we have been going with Daniels view through his eyes and mind, an therefore are attached to his character. In the end we find out that the US Federal Marshal Teddy Daniel is really the dangerous killer Andrew Laeddis. Teddy Daniels talks to Dr. Sheehan who he still calls Chuck at the end, â€Å"This place makes me wonder†¦.Which would be worse to live as a monster or die as a good man?† At the end it shows that in Teddy’s mind he believes hes on the good side. Do you think that makes us crazy that we might feel sad for him as he walks away with a couple of orderlies assumingly about to go have a lobotomy done. At the end we could wonder if our own mental state is steady. With television and movies being good at setting up plots that mess with our mental being, maybe we are the crazy ones. Not to far away from us in the Inland Empire against the hills in Highland California is Patton State Hospital for those that do know what it holds the name gives us sufficient cause for us to have chills run down our spin and have wild thoughts running through our minds. The hospital was opened in 1893, for the criminally insane. The hospital can approximately operate on 1,527 beds as stated the CA.gov page for Patton. They house five different types of mentally ill listed here with a description: -Incompetent to Stand Trial: â€Å"Felony and misdemeanor defendants found incompetent by a court are placed in a state hospital where the focus of treatment is to help them regain trial competency and return them to court so they may be adjudicated on their pending charges.† -Lanterman-Petris-Short: â€Å"Conservatorships are for severely disabled individuals who represent a danger to themselves or others due to mental illness. They have not been charged with a crime,..† -Mentally Disordered Offenders: â€Å"Parolees who committed one of a specified list of crimes and who were treated for a severe mental disorder connected to their original crime can be committed to a state hospital as a condition of parole for a period not to exceed the length of their parole term.† -Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity: â€Å"Persons judged by the court to be guilty of a crime, but not guilty because they were insane at the time of the crime are committed to a state hospital for treatment for a period equal to the maximum sentence for their most serious offense, subordinate offenses and enhancements.† -Sexually Violent Predators: â€Å"Individuals who are convicted of a legislatively defined set of sex offenses who complete their prison sentences are evaluated by DSH or independent evaluators.† Once started as a way to help care and give treatment to the mentally ill for good, now turned into monsters. Metal asylums are not just holding so called monster but can be the monster as history has proved. The ill treatment, poor conditions for living, not having enough food, in some case like at Metropolitan State Hospital there was complete neglect for even noticing if patients went missing, there is a reported about a lady that went missing after she went for a walk around the grounds. It wasn’t until 2 years later when another patient came forward saying he had killed her and showed police were he buried the parts of her body and kept 7 of there teeth. Conditions and treatments are not the same today as they once were. Weather the fear of the people inside or the fear of mental asylums themselves for each their own reasons, is it fear that makes these places seem like it’s holding monsters in? Could the shock of how inside these walls, monsters lived among doctor s and staff not just in the mentally ill patients as believed. Annotative Bibliography - biography.com Editors. Nellie Bly Biography. Biography, Last Updated 27 Feb. 2018. https://www.biography.com/people/nellie-bly-9216680. Accessed 4 Aug. 2018. â€Å"One of Blys earliest assignments was to author a piece detailing the experiences endured by patients of the infamous mental institution on Blackwells Island (now Roosevelt Island) in New York City. In an effort to accurately expose the conditions at the asylum, she pretended to be a mental patient in order to be committed to the facility, where she lived for 10 days. Blys exposà ©, published in the World soon after her return to reality, was a massive success. The piece shed light on a number of disturbing conditions at the facility, including neglect and physical abuse, and, along with spawning her book on the subject, ultimately spurred a large-scale investigation of the institution.† - Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. Monster Culture (Seven These). University of Minnesota Press, 1996. Accessed Jul. 2018. â€Å"The monster’s body quite literally incorporates fear, desire, anxiety, and fantasy (ataractic or incendiary) giving them life and an uncanny independence.† â€Å"The monster awakens one to the pleasures of the body, to the simple and fleeting joys of being frightened, or frightening†¦Ã¢â‚¬  - Department of State Hospitals-Patton. California Department of State Hospitals, Copyright 2016. dsh.ca.gov/patton/. Accessed 2 Aug. 2018. Here it talks about when the hospital was established in 1890 and opened 1893. It was tells us a little it about the types of patients inside, Incompetent to Stand Trial, Lanterman-Petris-Short, Mentally Disordered Offenders, Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity, and Sexually Violent Predators each fallowed by a little description of each type. As well as a population and percentage for each category. There is a little overview of treatment and programs. - Markel, Dr. Howard. How Nellie Bly Went Undercover to Expose Abuse of the Mentally Ill. PBS, 5 May 2018. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-nellie-bly-went-undercover-to-expose-abuse-of-the-mentally-ill. Accessed 7 Aug. 2018. †¦.Even the sick ones know it is useless to say anything for the answer will be that it is their imagination.’ She also reported on the cultural insensitivity and language barriers experienced by immigrant women who spoke little or no English and a host of hostile and abusive treatments, from mandatory cold baths to confinement in small, damp, vermin-infested, locked rooms. - Mental Institutions. Brought to Life Science Museum. http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/menalhealthandillness/mentalinstitutions. Accessed 4 Aug. 2018. â€Å"Artefacts show keepers used physical restraints such as leg-irons and manacles. Some keepers adopted ‘management’ techniques developed by Renaissance horse masters to control stubborn horses.† - The Retreat. History of York. historyofyork.org.uk/themes/georgian/the-retreat. Accessed 3 Aug. 2018. â€Å"Many believed that ‘lunatics’ were insensitive to hot and cold, sub-human, like animals.    Beatings and confinement were accepted practice, as was underfeeding patients.   In 1786, Joseph Townsend wrote on the subject,   â€Å"Hunger will tame the fiercest animals, it will teach decency and civility,  obedience and subjection to the most perverse†.†

Report of the death of Vicky Margaret who died at Albany hospital Case Study

Report of the death of Vicky Margaret who died at Albany hospital - Case Study Example Vicky Margaret was involuntarily admitted at Albany Hospital because the doctors found out that she had a mental illness, which could not allow her to make an informed decision about whether to get treatment (Hope, 2009). The doctors discovered that Margaret had a mental illness according to the statement given by her mother. The statement argued that the patient was diagnosed with the mental disorder after giving birth to her two children. The hospital diagnosed Mrs. Greeuw with bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. The results of the post mortem conducted by the Chief Forensic Pathologist, Dr Cookie, however, indicated that Vicky died from bowel obstructions. The report that comprised of photographs showed that the bowel obstructions resulted from constipation, which led to vomiting and piling up of faeces in the rectum of the deceased. Further investigation indicated that the medication used to treat the patient was capable of leading to constipation. The medication includes Oloz apine, Lamotrigine, Ferrograd, Benztropine, and chlorpromazine (Hope, 2009). All the prescriptions had side effects of leading to constipation, and the doctors failed to examine Vicky’s physical condition. This led to the severity of the case, which consequently led to the death of Vicky Margaret.... This led to the severity of the case, which consequently led to the death of Vicky Margaret. 1.1 Objectives of the report The main aim of preparing this report is to find out and analyze the causes of the death of Vicky Margaret. The report also aims at formulating recommendations that will help health institutions to prevent similar cases. Health institutions may integrate the recommendations in their policies to ensure that nurses and doctors attend to patients efficiently. 2.0 Background of the report The report was compiled using nursing and laboratory notes and reports, in addition to discussions with critical health officers such as psychiatrists, nurses, and general practitioners. 2.1 Analysis of the Case using the Human Factors Models The Human Factors Model explains that efficiency at the workplace is achieved when human characteristics are integrated into the system of a clinic. The human factors include effective communication, safe working tools, and healthy working condi tions. The theory argues that errors are reduced in the workplace when there is efficient communication, and workers use safe tools. In this case, the patient was not examined physically, and there was no proper communication between the doctors who treated Vicky. Griffies, the doctor who admitted Margaret, argued that he was not responsible for the treatment of the patient. Griffies failed to communicate with the doctor who treated Vicky, yet he had some information on her condition. The practitioners also ignored the treatment history of the patient, which shows that Vicky was treated with bowel obstructions in 2005, and she had been admitted to the hospital twelve times since 1989. The case would have been

Experiences of Colonization by Indigenous People Essay - 4

Experiences of Colonization by Indigenous People - Essay Example And who furthermore have maintained at least in part their distinct linguistic, cultural and social/organizational characteristics and, in doing so, remain differentiated in some degree from the surrounding populations and dominant culture of the nation-state Several other related terms are also in vogue e.g. aborigines, native peoples, first peoples, Fourth World, first nations and autochthonous (derived from Greek, meaning â€Å"sprung from the earth†). However, in this era of political correctness, the term Indigenous People is more commonly used to avoid implications of racism etc. [1]. Indigenous peoples living in more than 70 countries, of whom approximately 150 million live in the Commonwealth countries. These are; Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea (South Pacific), Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, and Malaysia (South and South East Asia), Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda (Africa), and Canada, Guyana, and Belize (North Americas and the Caribbean).† [2]. Despite the diversity of indigenous peoples, it may be noted that they share common problems and issues in dealing with the prevailing, or invading, society. They are generally concerned that the cultures of indigenous peoples are being lost and that indigenous peoples suffer both discrimination and pressure to assimilate into their surrounding societies. This is borne out by the fact that the lands and cultures of nearly all of the peoples listed at the end of this article are under threat. Notable exceptions are the Sakha and Komi peoples (two of the Northern Indigenous Peoples of Siberia), who now control their own autonomous republics within the Russian state.  

Types of ownership Essay Example for Free

Types of ownership Essay My business will be a sole proprietorship because I will be in charge of the business but I would need to employ people to help me run the business. As I decide what happens to the profits I would pay for wages and then spend the rest on repairs and debts until I had paid off the necessary debts and loans. I have chosen a sole proprietorship because I get to be my own boss and if I am deciding what happens to the profit I know it will be spent in connection with the business . The disadvantages wont affect me because I have employed people t work for me therefore I wont have to work long hours . All skateparks around the uk are unincorporated because people ride skateparks at their own risk so if they injure themselves it is there own fault. The only way I could get prosecuted is if they are injured due to bad maintenance of the park i. e. somebody hurting themselves on a nail sticking out of a ramp. Cash flow is important because if you have a poor cash flow your business goes bankrupt. A cash flow forecast enables you to see how much money is coming into the business and how much is coming in and how much money is going out. If to much money is going out and not enough is coming in you can use the spreadsheet to see what needs to be changed. If you have a poor cash flow there is a lack of working capital. This can result in a lot of other problems like staff not getting paid on time and if loans arent repaid firms may take legal action against this and reposes things making the business unable to sell products. I would not have good facilities for anybody under the age of 12 with no great understanding of the sports or ability to do the sport

Why is it hard to build a good relationship? :: Ethical Issues, Lying, Cheating

The word relationship is defined as the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected, or the state of being connected. In daily life, we always have a relationship with other people. Biologically, our relationship with parents is made up when we were born. Also we are making a new relationship with a friend, boss, and girlfriend, but there some factors that it makes hard to keeping a relationship such as lying, cheating, and misunderstanding. Most of our relationships are built on trust other people. However, different perspectives can lead us to the hierarchical relationship. On the other hand, in different circumstances, people can be changed, so it gives a chance to get closer each other. Our daily life relationships are built on trusting other people. Generally, many people think that trustable relationships don’t have secrets, and don’t lie to each other. In addition to that we may feel more comfortable to have a trustable relationship, because they are always willing to help each other by telling the truth. When I was in high school, I remember one of my best friend who is extremely nice and positive person that I know. I had an unstable relationship with my girlfriend. He always stands by me, and tried to help me out every single time. I could tell him everything about my relationship, because I know I can trust him, and he gave me some superb advices to recover my relationship. In Kite Runner, we can find the relationship between Baba and his son Amir. Baba always protects Amir, and Amir feels very pleasant to have Baba as his father, because they trust each other. Amir says, â€Å"wanted Baba all to himself† (13), and thinks that â€Å"how lucky he was to have Baba as his father† (39). Baba also had a trust on Amir, since he won the kite tournament that â€Å"agreed to everything Amir asked† (81). After Amir won the kite tournament, Baba opened his heart a little bit, because now trusts Amir about that he can stand up himself a little bit. However, Baba said, â€Å"There is only one sin, And that is theft†¦ When you tell a lie, you steal someone’s right to the truth†(225). But it turns out he lied to his son Amir that he have another brother, who name is Hassan, Amir going to â€Å"reconcile†(226) the image of Baba that he haven been thinking of.

Evaluate the Evidence for Human Impacts on Downstream Flood Risk in Rural Catchment Areas in Temperate Regions

Evaluate the evidence for human impacts on downstream flood risk in rural catchments in temperate regions. Before we can evaluate human impacts on flood risk we must first establish what is meant by temperate regions and also rural catchments. Temperate regions are generally regarded as lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle or the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle and therefore rivers investigated in this essay will fall within these parameters. Rural catchments are slightly harder to define, as today very few large rivers do not have some form of urban development within their catchments area. In this essay a river that is still in a predominantly rural catchment will be discussed even if there are areas of urban land within the catchment. Humans impact on flood risk falls into one of two categories. The first is deliberately and directly, through floodplain restoration, construction of dams and channel rehabilitation and all of these have fairly obvious positive effects on reducing flood risk. However it is when humans indirectly affect the flood risk, through deforestation, land use change and climate change (which all have a negative effect on flood risk) that there is less certainty into the extent of the impact that humans have. Overall though it is clear that human activity has resulted in ‘major changes’ (Goudie, 2006) in downstream flood risk in temperate regions and rural catchments. The most obvious way in which humans impact downstream flood risk is through direct adaptation of the river itself and this is also arguably also the most important way in which humans can have an impact on flood risk (Mrwoka, 1974). Damming is probably the most widespread example of how humans seek to control peak flows on rivers and the construction of dams in the UK has led to significant decreases in flooding. The reservoir created on the River Avon occupies 1. 38% of the catchment but reduces peak flow by 16% and even more impressively the reservoir on the Catcleugh in the Cheviots occupies 2. 72% of the catchment and reduces peak flow by 71% (Petts and Lewin, 1979). The creation of dams clearly reduces the flood risk overall, however, dams have a much smaller effect on rare flood events of high magnitude, due to the fact that there is a finite amount of water a dam can hold during times of high, prolonged precipitation (Goudie, 2006). On the River Avon the ratio of pre-dam discharges to post-dam discharges is a mere 1. 02 in a once-in-10 year event (Petts and Lewin, 1979). However, despite this, man’s construction of dams still has a large impact in reducing peak flood and therefore flood risk in downstream catchment areas. Floodplain restoration is another example of humans deliberately impacting on flood risk. It has been calculated that the flood reduction function of 3800 hectares of floodplain storage on the Charles River, Massachusetts saved US$ 17 million worth of downstream flood damage each year (US Corps of Engineers, 1972). Restoration has taken place on the River Cherwell between Oxford and Banbury. Here the embankments were removed and the channels restore to their pre-1900 dimensions. As a result of the rehabilitation of the channel peak flow was reduced by between 10-15% and the embankments which had been removed were shown to have been increasing peak flow by between 50-150% (Acreman et al, 2003). This clearly shows the extent to which humans can actively work to reduce the flood risk in a rural catchment area, and shows how important the role of floodplain restoration and channel rehabilitation is when reducing peak flows. A prime example of human activity indirectly affecting flood risk patterns is through deforestation. The principle here is that by removing vegetation, you remove the capacity for a significant percentage of precipitation to be intercepted by the vegetation and then evaporated before it reaches the stream. Therefore, if humans remove the vegetation in a catchment area this can increase run-off and therefore flood risk. An experimental study was conducted in 1910 to investigate the extent to which vegetation coverage affected peak flow in Colorado. Stream flows from two watersheds of approximately 80 hectares in size were compared over 8 years, before one valley was clear-felled. The catchment area which had experienced clear felling experienced 17% greater annual flow and also significantly higher peak flows (Goudie, 2006). In 1998 the Yangtze River experienced its worst floods for over 40 years, with high water remaining in some areas for 70 days. Although the precipitation over that time period was extreme, the extent of the flooding (which caused over $20billion in damages) has also been linked to the widespread deforestation that had taken place upstream of the floods. In 1957 the forest coverage of the river basin was 22% but by 1986 this figure had been reduced to 10% (Yin et al, 1998). Despite this, it has been argued that during times of prolonged rainfall, vegetation loses its ability to reduce peak flow as there is a finite limit to how much water vegetation can hold. A study on the Yangtze showed that under 90mm of heavy rainfall, surface run-off was 65mm in forested areas and 35mm in non-forested areas and therefore the forest does not retain more run-off (Cheng et al, 1998) and therefore flood risk is no greater. However, there can be no doubt that deforestation reduces seepage losses and therefore increases the convergence of seepage water and that deforestation increased the seriousness of the flooding that the Yangtze experienced in 1998 (Yin and Lee, 1999). The type of vegetation in a river basin can also have an influence on flood risk, and human activity can indirectly affect this. The principle here is that some types of vegetation retain more water than others and therefore their presence reduces flood risk. The catchment area of the Coweeta River in North Carolina was converted from deciduous hardwood forest to pine (which is evergreen) over a period of 15 years, from 1940 onwards, and as a result stream flow was reduced by 20% (Swank and Douglas, 1974). However, although certain types of plant may indeed significantly reduce stream flow, the impact they have on flood risk is often considerably smaller. It has been estimated that a forest of Ash juniper trees intercept around 40% of the precipitation that falls on them each year (Owens et al, 2006). This figure is so high as Ash juniper trees are evergreen and therefore absorb water all year round however, during storms, this figure is reduced to around 10%. This figure remains fairly similar for most vegetation during high storms. We can therefore say that although humans adapting the type of vegetation in a catchment area does have an impact on overall stream flow, the extent to which this reduces the flood risk downstream is negligible (Wilcox et al, 2006). Land use change is another example of human activity which, although it is not done with the intention of altering river flow characteristics, still has an impact on downstream flood risk. Developing urban areas in formerly rural ones is now widely acknowledged to have a ‘considerable’ hydrological impact, mainly thorough the ways in which it alters runoff (Hollis, 1988). Essentially this urbanization produces a tapestry of impermeable surfaces that increase run-off and therefore discharge during times of high precipitation (Graf, 1977). However, Hollis (1975) argues that whilst urbanization may increase the recurrence interval of small floods, in rare large scale floods, land use change has little effect on the overall peak flow, due to the fact that during large storms, rural areas become saturated quickly and then behave in much the same way as urban areas. Despite this, we can still say that land use change from urban to rural does increase the flood risk, even if this increase in risk is only during smaller events. Although we are examining flood risk in rural catchment areas, development of urban pockets in these areas must still be considered, as even catchments with only some urbanization are still more likely to suffer flooding (Wilson, 1967). Climate change is another way in which man indirectly can have an effect on flooding risk although this is a hotly contested topic, as no completely acceptable explanation of climate change has been presented before (Goudie, 2006). However, some climate models have still predicted that climate change over the next 100 years will lead to higher flood risk. This is due to the fact that in a warmer climate, the air can hold more water, which increases the potential for latent heat release during low pressure systems and therefore increased precipitation is likely (Frei et al, 1998). A model in 2002 produced by the EU group PRUDENCE compared summertime precipitation in mainland Europe from 1961-1990 and the forecast for 2071-2100 based on the climatic predictions made in the IPCC report. This found that although overall precipitation may slightly decrease over the summer, precipitation events in the 95th percentile for intensity would significantly increase (Christensen J and Christensen O, 2003). This would obviously increase the flood risk downstream in rural catchments. However, although climate change may, in the coming century, prove to have a significant impact on flooding, currently the topic is too heavily debated to draw any concrete conclusions on the extent to which human induced climate change increases flooding risk. We can therefore see that humans impact on flood risk in a variety of ways, some positive and some negative and all to varying degrees. It is worth bearing in mind that in some areas man may be impacting on flood risk in both a negative and positive way and therefore having an even larger impact on the stream than would at first be obvious. The evidence for man impacting on flood risk downstream in rural catchments is often disputed; however, it is clear that man is impacting on streams and flood risk. It is worth remembering that flooding is a perfectly natural event however rivers and the floods they can potentially unleash are in a delicate balance, and man is more than capable of upsetting that balance in a variety of ways.